OptolaTor - optometry tool

Anatomic values from studies

Axial length

[11, 12, 8, 9, 13, 25, 26, 27, 32, 38, 39, 40, 43]

Mean and median from 22.76 to 25.18 mm ▾ 8: Mean 24.17 ± 2.47 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: Cataract surgery candidates, 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 23.7 ± 1.3 mm. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 23.14 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 4.869 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
27: Mean 22.81 ± 1.08 mm in right eyes and 22.76 ± 0.85 mm in left eyes. Measured with Cine Scan 10MHz A/B-mode ultrasound device. 2.490 subjects: 1.379/1.111 female/male, mean age 56.6 ± 10.39 (35 to 86). Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
26: Mean 23.1 ± 0.9 mm. 3,266 eyes: age 50 to 74 years. Measured in Iran.
25: Myopic study population, so mean is not mentioned here. Range from 21.23 to 34.59 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
38: Age 50+ study population. Median 23.1 mm. 1461 eyes of 1461 subjects: 1017/444 female/male, mean age 60 years (50 to 87). Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
32: Myopic study population, so mean is not mentioned here. Range from 21.81 to 30.36 mm. Measured with Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer. The right eyes of 935 subjects: 428/507 female/male, mean age 30.69 ± 5.11 (21 to 44). Chinese population.
39: Mean 25.18 ± 1.71 mm. 540 eyes of 290 subjects: 199/91 female/male, mean age 45.2 ± 14.2. Measured in Taiwan.
11: Median 23.422 ± 1.9 mm in right eyes and 23.562 ± 1.9 mm in left emmetropic eyes. Range 19.9 to 26.2 mm, counting also myopic and hypermetropic eyes. Measured from cornea to sclera with CT using Philips Brilliance iCT 256-Slice Helical Scanner. 500 eyes of 250 subjects: 134/116 female/male, mean age 47 (18 to 93). Ethnicities includes Jewish, Arab, European, North American and African citizens.
12: Mean from 22.8 to 24.0 mm and standard deviation from 1.11 to 1.43 mm using three different MRI softwares. Measured with IOLMaster 500. 93 subjects: 51 female, mean age 51 ± 5.4 (40 to 59). Measured in the UK and Ireland.
43: Data from the near-emmetropic control group. Young adult subjects. Mean 23.41 ± 0.77 mm. Measured with Zeiss Ocular Master. 61 subjects: mean age 20.5 ± 1.86 years, between 18 and 27 years, ethnicity African and Indian. Measured in Durban, South Africa.
40: Mean 24.6 ± 1.1 mm. Measured with IOL Master 500. 68 eyes of 36 subjects: 18/18 female/male, mean age 40.6 ± 10.3 years, 13/15/8 Asian/Caucasian/Hispanic. Measured in Pasadena, USA.
.

Range from 19.9 to 34.59 mm. Standard deviation from 0.77 to 2.47 mm.

Women: Mean from 22.57 to 24.02 mm ▾ 8: Mean 24.02 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 16.956 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 23.4 ± 1.2 mm. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 22.95 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 2.825 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
27: Mean 22.67 ± 1.19 mm in right eyes and 22.57 ± 0.86 mm in left eyes. Measured with Cine Scan 10MHz A/B-mode ultrasound device. 1.379 subjects: mean age 55.89 ± 10.09. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population, so mean is not mentioned here. Range from 21.55 to 34.59 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
38: Age 50+ study population. Median 22.9 mm. 1.017 eyes of 1.017 subjects: mean age 58 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
.

Range from 21.55 to 34.59 mm. Standard deviation from 0.86 to 1.2 mm.

Men: Mean from 22.97 to 24.39 mm ▾ 8: Mean 24.39 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 11.753 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 24.0 ± 1.2 mm in right eyes and 24.0 ± 1.3 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 23.41 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 2.044 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
27: Mean 22.97 ± 0.90 mm in right eyes and 23.00 ± 0.79 mm in left eyes. Measured with Cine Scan 10MHz A/B-mode ultrasound device. 1.111 subjects: mean age 57.48 ± 10.68. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population, so mean is not mentioned here. Range from 21.23 to 34.29 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
38: Age 50+ study population. Median 23.4 mm. 444 eyes of 444 subjects: mean age 62 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
.

Range from 21.23 to 34.29 mm. Standard deviation from 0.79 to 1.28 mm.

Anterior chamber depth

[7, 8, 9, 13, 25, 26, 27, 32]

Mean from 2.6 to 3.62 mm ▾ 8: Mean 3.02 ± 0.45 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: Cataract surgery candidates, 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 2.72 ± 0.39 mm in right eyes and 2.71 ± 0.41 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 2.62 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 4.869 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
27: Mean 2.78 ± 0.37 mm in right eyes and 2.77 ± 0.36 mm in left eyes. 2.490 subjects: 1.379/1.111 female/male, mean age 56.6 ± 10.39 (35 to 86). Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
26: Mean 2.6 ± 0.5 mm. 3,206 eyes: age 50 to 74 years. Measured in Iran.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 3.62 ± 0.24 mm, range from 2.62 to 4.52 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
32: Mean 3.12 ± 0.30 mm. Range from 1.93 to 3.97 mm. Measured with Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer. The right eyes of 935 subjects: 428/507 female/male, mean age 30.69 ± 5.11 (21 to 44). Chinese population.
7: Mean 2.92 ± 0.44 mm. Measured with Orbscan. 124 subjects: 66/58 female/male, mean age 35 ± 15.1 years. Hispanic population. Measured in 2012 and 2013.
. Standard deviation from 0.24 to 0.5 mm.

Women: mean from 2.58 to 3.59 mm ▾ 8: Mean 2.96 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 16.956 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 2.66 ± 0.38 mm in right eyes and 2.66 ± 0.40 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 2.58 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 2.825 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
27: Mean 2.74 ± 0.36 mm in right eyes and 2.72 ± 0.35 mm in left eyes. 1.379 subjects: mean age 55.89 ± 10.09. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 3.59 ± 0.23 mm, range from 2.67 to 4.27 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
7: Mean 2.88 ± 0.46 mm. Measured with Orbscan. 66 subjects. Hispanic population. Measured in 2012 and 2013.
. Standard deviation from 0.23 to 0.46 mm.

Men: mean from 2.66 to 3.70 mm ▾ 8: Mean 3.12 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 11.753 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 2.77 ± 0.39 mm in right eyes and 2.76 ± 0.41 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 2.66 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 2.044 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
27: Mean 2.82 ± 0.38 mm in right eyes and 2.83 ± 0.37 mm in left eyes. 1.111 subjects: mean age 57.48 ± 10.68. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 3.70 ± 0.25 mm, range from 2.62 to 4.52 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
7: Mean 2.99 ± 0.4 mm. Measured with Orbscan. 58 subjects. Hispanic population. Measured in 2012 and 2013.
. Standard deviation from 0.25 to 0.4 mm.

Lens thickness

[8, 9, 13, 26, 32]

Mean from 3.87 to 4.52 mm ▾ 9: Mean 4.37 ± 0.36 mm in right eyes and 4.42 ± 0.36 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 4.28 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 4.869 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
26: Mean 4.5 ± 0.3 mm. 3,041 eyes: age 50 to 74 years. Measured in Iran.
32: Mean 3.87 ± 0.27 mm. Range from 3.09 to 5.06 mm. Measured with Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer. The right eyes of 935 subjects: 428/507 female/male, mean age 30.69 ± 5.11 (21 to 44). Chinese population.
8: Cataract surgery candidates, included here for breadth of data. Mean 4.52 ± 0.45 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
. Standard deviation from 0.27 to 0.44 mm.

Women: mean from 4.26 to 4.52 mm ▾ 9: Mean 4.36 ± 0.35 mm in right eyes and 4.41 ± 0.34 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 4.26 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 2.825 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
8: Mean 4.52 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 16.956 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
. Standard deviation from 0.34 to 0.35 mm.

Men: mean from 4.30 to 4.53 mm ▾ 9: Mean 4.38 ± 0.38 mm in right eyes and 4.44 ± 0.37 mm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
13: Mean 4.30 mm. Measured with LENSTAR/BioGraph. The right eyes of 2.044 subjects: age 40-64 years in a 97.6% Persian population. Measured in Iran.
8: Mean 4.53 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 11.753 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
. Standard deviation from 0.37 to 0.38 mm.

Anterior chamber angle in degrees

[9]

Mean from 32.4 to 32.5 degrees ▾ 9: Mean of measurements in four quadrants: 32.4 ± 5.5 degrees in right eyes and 32.5 ± 5.6 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 5.5 to 5.6 degrees.

Women: mean 31.8 to 31.9 degrees ▾ 9: Mean of measurements in four quadrants: 31.8 ± 5.6 degrees in right eyes and 31.9 ± 5.6 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation 5.6 degrees.

Men: mean 33.0 to 33.1 degrees ▾ 9: Mean of measurements in four quadrants: 33.0 ± 5.4 degrees in right eyes and 33.1 ± 5.4 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation 5.4 degrees.

Superior angle: mean from 28.0 to 28.8 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 28.0 ± 7.3 degrees in right eyes and 28.8 ± 7.9 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 7.3 to 7.9 degrees.

Women: mean 27.7 to 28.7 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 27.7 ± 7.5 degrees in right eyes and 28.7 ± 8.4 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 7.5 to 8.4 degrees.

Men: mean 28.3 to 28.9 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 28.3 ± 7.1 degrees in right eyes and 28.9 ± 7.4 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 7.1 to 7.4 degrees.

Nasal angle: mean from 35.8 to 36.1 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 35.8 ± 6.8 degrees in right eyes and 36.1 ± 7.0 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 6.8 to 7.0 degrees.

Women: mean 35.0 to 35.3 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 35.0 ± 6.7 degrees in right eyes and 35.3 ± 6.9 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 6.7 to 6.9 degrees.

Men: mean 36.5 to 36.7 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 36.5 ± 6.8 degrees in right eyes and 36.7 ± 7.0 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 6.8 to 7.0 degrees.

Temporal angle: mean from 33.5 to 34.1 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 34.1 ± 6.9 degrees in right eyes and 33.5 ± 6.8 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 6.8 to 6.9 degrees.

Women: mean 32.6 to 33.2 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 33.2 ± 6.8 degrees in right eyes and 32.6 ± 6.7 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 6.7 to 6.8 degrees.

Men: mean 34.4 to 34.9 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 34.9 ± 6.8 degrees in right eyes and 34.4 ± 6.8 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation 6.8 degrees.

Inferior angle: mean from 31.8 to 31.9 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 31.9 ± 5.9 degrees in right eyes and 31.8 ± 5.8 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 5.8 to 5.9 degrees.

Women: mean 31.4 to 31.5 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 31.5 ± 6.0 degrees in right eyes and 31.4 ± 5.7 degrees in left eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation from 5.7 to 6.0 degrees.

Men: mean 32.2 degrees ▾ 9: Mean 32.2 ± 5.8 degrees in both eyes. Measured with Scheimpflug imaging, Pentacam, Oculus. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5 years. Measured in Germany.
. Standard deviation 5.8 degrees.

Cornea

[7, 8, 9, 10, 25, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 33, 39]

Central thickness: mean from 526.1 to 563 µm ▾ 8: Mean 534 ± 40 µm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: Cataract surgery candidates, 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 549 ± 34 µm in right eyes and 550 ± 34 µm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 530.59 ± 30.12 µm in right eyes and 530.51 ± 30.11 µm in left eyes. 2.490 subjects: 1.379/1.111 female/male, mean age 56.6 ± 10.39 (35 to 86). Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
26: Mean 526.1 ± 31.3 µm. 3,266 eyes: age 50 to 74 years. Measured in Iran.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 542.78 ± 31.81 µm, range from 293 to 651 µm. Evaluated with Corvis-ST. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
32: Corneal astigmatism over 6 excluded. Mean 538.18 ± 38.23 µm. Range from 400 to 674 µm. Measured with Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer. The right eyes of 935 subjects: 428/507 female/male, mean age 30.69 ± 5.11 (21 to 44). Chinese population.
39: Mean 544.3 ± 36.5 µm. 540 eyes of 290 subjects: 199/91 female/male, mean age 45.2 ± 14.2. Measured in Taiwan.
7: Mean 534.35 ± 36.2 µm. Measured with Orbscan. 124 subjects: 66/58 female/male, mean age 35 ± 15.1 years. Hispanic population. Measured in 2012 and 2013.
30: Mean 536.59 µm. Measured with CSO Sirius Tomograph and Corneal Topographer. 224 eyes of 112 subjects: 69/43 female/male, median age 44.5 (19-77). Measured in Nepal in 2025.
10: Mean 563.0 ± 31.1 µm. 70 subjects: aged 12 to 80 years with 10 subjects per decade.
. Standard deviation from 31.1 to 40 µm.

Women: mean 529.86 to 547 µm ▾ 27: Mean 530.17 ± 29.87 µm in right eyes and 529.86 ± 30.34 µm in left eyes. 1.379 subjects: mean age 55.89 ± 10.09. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
9: Mean 546 ± 35 µm in right eyes and 547 ± 34 µm in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 542.22 ± 31.75 µm, range from 293 to 643 µm. Evaluated with Corvis-ST. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 29.87 to 35 µm.

Men: mean from 531.32 to 552 µm ▾ 9: Mean 552 ± 34 µm. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 531.11 ± 30.43 µm in right eyes and 531.32 ± 29.82 µm in left eyes. 1.111 subjects: mean age 57.48 ± 10.68. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 544.02 ± 31.93µm, range from 422 to 651 µm. Evaluated with Corvis-ST. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 29.82 to 34 µm.

Keratometry: mean from 42.91 to 44.44 ▾ 8: Mean 44.26 ± 1.70 D. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: Cataract surgery candidates, 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean corneal power 44.0 ± 1.6 D. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 44.2 ± 1.53 D for right eyes and 44.19 ± 1.54 D for left eyes. Measured with Topcon KR8800. 2.490 subjects: 1.379/1.111 female/male, age 56.6 ± 10.39 (35 to 86). Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
33: Mean 44.44 ± 1.58 D. Measured with Oculus Pentacam AXL. 4,244 eyes of 2,268 subjects: 1,332 female, mean age 66.9 ± 5.6 (60 to 95). Measured in Iran from 2019 to 2020.
26: Mean 7.6 ± 0.3 mm. 3,263 eyes: age 50 to 74 years. Measured in Iran.
25: Myopic study population. Mean 42.91 ± 1.52 D, range from 29.85 to 47.87 D. Measured with IOL Master. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 1.52 to 1.7 D.

Women: mean from 43.17 to 44.75 D ▾ 8: Mean 44.62 D. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 16.956 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean corneal power 44.4 ± 1.5 D. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 44.51 ± 1.48 D for right eyes and 44.53 ± 1.50 D for left eyes. Measured with Topcon KR8800. 1.379 subjects: age 58.89 ± 10.09. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
33 Mean 44.75 ± 1.74 D. Measured with Oculus Pentacam AXL. 1,332 subjects. Measured in Iran from 2019 to 2020. 25: Myopic study population. Mean 43.17 ± 1.43 D, range from 43.47 to 47.87 D. Measured with IOL Master. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 1.43 to 1.74 D.

Men: mean from 42.34 to 44.15 D ▾ 8: Mean 43.75 D. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 11.753 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean corneal power 43.6 ± 1.6 D. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 43.80 ± 1.49 D for right eyes and 43.77 ± 1.49 D for left eyes. Measured with Topcon KR8800. 1.111 subjects: age 57.48 ± 10.68. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
33: Mean 44.15 ± 1.36 D. Measured with Oculus Pentacam AXL. Measured in Iran from 2019 to 2020. 25: Myopic study population. Mean 42.34 ± 1.58 D, range from 29.85 to 46.23 D. Measured with IOL Master. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 1.36 to 1.6 D.

Corneal astigmatism: mean from 0.74 to 1.19 D ▾ 8: Cataract surgery candidates. Mean 1.06 ± 0.96 D. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
9: Mean 0.74. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
33: Mean 0.84 ± 0.74 D. Measured with Oculus Pentacam AXL. 4,244 eyes of 2,268 subjects: 1,332 female, mean age 66.9 ± 5.6 (60 to 95). Measured in Iran from 2019 to 2020.
32: Subjects with corneal astigmatism over 6 excluded. Mean 1.19 ± 0.71 D. Range from 0.05 to 5.37 D. Measured with Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer. The right eyes of 935 subjects: 428/507 female/male, mean age 30.69 ± 5.11 (21 to 44). Chinese population.
. Standard deviation from 0.71 to 0.96 D.

Women: mean 0.80 to 0.83 D ▾ 9: Mean 0.81 in right eyes and 0.80 in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
33 Mean 0.83 ± 0.78 D. Measured with Oculus Pentacam AXL. 1,332 subjects. Measured in Iran from 2019 to 2020. .

Men: mean 0.67 to 0.69 D ▾ 9: Mean 0.67 in right eyes and 0.69 in left eyes. Measured with Lenstar LS900. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
33: Mean 0.84 ± 0.68 D. Measured with Oculus Pentacam AXL. Measured in Iran from 2019 to 2020. .

Corneal volume: mean 61.23 mm³ ▾ 25: Myopic study population. Mean 61.23 mm³ ± 3.22 mm³. Measured with Pentacam tomographer. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation 3.22 mm³.

Women: mean 61.33 mm³ ▾ 25: Myopic study population. Mean 61.33 mm³ ± 3.24 mm³. Measured with Pentacam tomographer. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation 3.24 mm³.

Men: mean 61.00 mm³ ▾ 25: Myopic study population. Mean 61.00 mm³ ± 3.18 mm³. Measured with Pentacam tomographer. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation 3.18 mm³.

Choroid thickness

[38, 42]

Includes different areas of the choroid.

Mean/median from 177.62 to 341.41 µm ▾ 38: Median 205.7 µm. Average choroid thickness in a central macular area measured with Topcon SS-OCT. 1.461 eyes of 1.461 subjects: mean age 60 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
42: Subfoveal thickness in 60+ year old subjects. Mean 265.3 ± 25.9 µm. Measured with Spectralis SD-OCT. 1.060 eyes of 566 subjects: 335 female, mean age 67.1 ± 6.14 years (60 to 94). Measured from January 2019 to January 2020 in Tehran, Iran.
40: Measured around the optic disc. Mean from 177.62 ± 36.7 µm in the inferior quadrant, 8.25 mm from the disc, to 341.41 ± 69 µm in the temporal quadrant, 5.25 mm from the disc. Measured with 200-kHz UWF SS-OCT. 68 eyes of 36 subjects: 18/18 female/male, mean age 40.6 ± 10.3 years, 13/15/8 Asian/Caucasian/Hispanic. Measured in Pasadena, USA.
.

In women: Mean/median from 204.9 260.2 µm ▾ 38: Median 204.9 µm. Average choroid thickness in a central macular area measured with Topcon SS-OCT. 1.017 eyes of 1.017 subjects: mean age 58 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
42: Subfoveal thickness in 60+ year old subjects. Mean 260.2 ± 26.7 µm. Measured with Spectralis SD-OCT. 335 subjects. Measured from January 2019 to January 2020 in Tehran, Iran.
.

In men: Mean/median from 207.4 to 270.5 µm ▾ 38: Median 207.4 µm. Average choroid thickness in a central macular area measured with Topcon SS-OCT. 444 eyes of 444 subjects: mean age 62 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
42: Subfoveal thickness in 60+ year old subjects. Mean 270.5 ± 23.7 µm. Measured with Spectralis SD-OCT. Measured from January 2019 to January 2020 in Tehran, Iran.
.

Anatomic values from studies

[7, 8, 25, 26, 32]

Horisontal visible iris diameter

Measurements for white to white, corneal diameter, iris diameter and anterior chamber width are included here.

Mean from 11.50 to 12.10 mm ▾ 8: White to white mean 11.64 ± 0.46 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 28.709 subjects: Cataract surgery candidates, 59.1%/40.9% female/male, mean age 68.6 ± 11.0 (40 to 101). Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
26: Corneal diameter mean 11.9 ± 0.42 mm. 3,267 eyes: age 50 to 74 years. Measured in Iran.
25: Myopic study population. White to white mean 12.10 ± 0.39 mm, range from 10.80 to 13.80 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
32: White to white mean 11.50 ± 0.49 mm. Range from 10.51 to 12.99 mm. Measured with Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer. The right eyes of 935 subjects: 428/507 female/male, mean age 30.69 ± 5.11 (21 to 44). Chinese population.
7: White to white mean 11.7 ± 0.38 mm. Measured with Orbscan. 124 subjects: 66/58 female/male, mean age 35 ± 15.1 years. Hispanic population. Measured in 2012 and 2013.
. Standard deviation from 0.38 to 0.49 mm.

Women: mean from 11.54 to 12.04 mm ▾ 8: White to white mean 11.54 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 16.956 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
25: Myopic study population. White to white mean 12.04 ± 0.38 mm, range from 10.80 to 13.80 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation 0.38 mm.

Men: mean from 11.78 to 12.22 mm ▾ 8: White to white mean 11.78 mm. Measured with IOLMaster 700. The right eyes of 11.753 cataract surgery candidates. Measured in China, in 2018 and 2019.
25: Myopic study population. White to white mean 12.22 ± 0.37 mm, range from 11.00 to 13.20 mm. Measured with IOL Master. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation 0.37 mm.

[9, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39]

Intraocular pressure

Mean and median from 11.35 to 17.45 mmHg ▾ 29: Japan Ningen Dock Study dataset: Mean 13.4 ± 3.0 mmHg for right eyes and 13.5 ± 3.0 mmHg for left eyes. Retrospectively collected measurements with varying devices. 1,477,066 subjects: 612,182/864,884 female/male, mean age 52.3 ± 10.8. Measured in Japan from 2018 to 2019.
Jikey University dataset: Mean 12.7 ± 2.8 mmHg for right eyes and 12.7 ± 2.9 mmHg for left eyes. Retrospectively collected measurements with Canon TX-10 non contact tonometer. 10.361 subjects: 3,511/6,850 female/male, mean age 50,3 ± 11.0. Measured in Japan from 2015 to 2018.
31: Mean 12.81 ± 2.16 mmHg, and mean 12.74 ± 2.08 mmHg at 5 year follow-up. Measured with Goldman applanation tonometry. 7,384 eyes of 3,855 subjects: 58.2% female, mean age 50.36 ± 6.07 (45 to 69) at the follow-up. Measured in Iran in 2009 and 2014.
9: Mean 14.9 ± 2.92 mmHg for right eyes and 15.0 ± 2.96 mmHg for left eyes. Nidek NT-2000 non-contact tonometer repeated three times. 5,744 eyes of 3,014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 11.35 ± 2.40 mmHg in right eyes and 11.96 ± 2.44 mmHg in left eyes. Measured with Kawa applanation tonometer HA-2. 2,490 subjects: mean age 56.60 ± 10.39 (35 to 86). Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
26: Mean 15.4 ± 3.2 mmHg. 3,698 eyes: 56% female, mean age 60.4 ± 5.96 years (50 to 74). Measured in Iran.
25: Myopic study population. Biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure mean 17.45 ± 3.03 mmHg, range from 10.50 to 51.50 mmHg. Evaluated with Corvis-ST, adjusted for age, corneal thickness and other parameters. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
38: Age 50+ study population. Median 16.0 mmHg. 1.461 eyes of 1.461 subjects: mean age 60 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
39: Mean 14.7 ± 3.2 mmHg. 540 eyes of 290 subjects: 199/91 female/male, mean age 45.2 ± 14.2. Measured in Taiwan.
30: Median 14.0 mmHg with Goldman applanation tonometer. Median 14.0 mmHg with non-contact tonometer. Median 15.0 mmHg with Eyetone Trans-palpebraldigital tonometer. 224 eyes of 112 subjects: 69/43 female/male, median age 44.5 (19-77). Measured in Nepal in 2025.
. Standard deviation from 2.08 to 3.2 mmHg.

Women: mean 11.41 to 17.58 mmHg ▾ 31: Mean 12.90 ± 2.16 mmHg, and mean 12.84 ± 2.07 mmHg at 5 year follow-up. Measured with Goldman applanation tonometry. Measured in Iran in 2009 and 2014.
9: Mean 14.8 ± 2.86 mmHg in right eyes and 14.9 ± 2.94 mmHg in left eyes. Nidek NT-2000 non-contact tonometer repeated three times. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 11.41 ± 2.36 mmHg in right eyes and 12.06 ± 2.37 mmHg in left eyes. Measured with Kawa applanation tonometer HA-2. 1.379 subjects: mean age 55.89 ± 10.09. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population. Biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure mean 17.58 ± 3.01 mmHg, range from 10.50 to 51.50 mmHg. Evaluated with Corvis-ST, adjusted for age, corneal thickness and other parameters. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
38: Age 50+ study population. Median 16.0 mmHg. 1.017 eyes of 1.017 subjects: mean age 58 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
. Standard deviation from 2.07 to 3.03 mmHg.

Men: mean 11.28 to 17.17 mmHg ▾ 31: Mean 12.67 ± 2.16 mmHg, and mean 12.60 ± 2.07 mmHg at 5 year follow-up. Measured with Goldman applanation tonometry. Measured in Iran in 2009 and 2014.
9: Mean 14.5 ± 2.98 mmHg in right eyes and 15.2 ± 2.96 mmHg in left eyes. Nidek NT-2000 non-contact tonometer repeated three times. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
27: Mean 11.28 ± 2.45 mmHg in right eyes and 11.83 ± 2.52 mmHg in left eyes. Measured with Kawa applanation tonometer HA-2. 1.111 subjects: mean age 57.48 ± 10.68. Measured in Hebei Province in northern China.
25: Myopic study population. Biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure mean 17.17 ± 3.06 mmHg, range from 11.00 to 31.00 mmHg. Evaluated with Corvis-ST, adjusted for age, corneal thickness and other parameters. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
38: Age 50+ study population. Median 15.7 mmHg. 444 eyes of 444 subjects: mean age 62 years. Measured from 2020 to 2022 in the Beichen District, Tianjin, China.
. Standard deviation from 2.07 to 3.06 mmHg.

[9, 25, 40, 42]

Spherical equivalent

This collection likely is not representative. The study populations may not give a correct picture, and studies often use high refractions as exclusion criteria. It might still be useful to see which mean refractions are found in studies.

Mean from +0.34 to -3.69 D ▾ 9: Mean -0.42 ± 2.54 D in right eyes and -0.43 ± 2.57 D in left eyes. Measured with Humphrey Automated Refractor/Keratometer [HARK] 599. 5744 eyes of 3014 subjects: 48.4% female, mean age 58.6 ± 10.4. Measured in Germany.
25: Myopic study population. Mean -3.69 ± 2.37 D, range from -12.38 to +1.38 D. Measured with noncycloplegic refraction. 1645 subjects: 1132/513 female/male, mean age 19.01 ± 0.92 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
42: Mean +0.34 ± 1.31 D. 1.060 eyes of 566 subjects: 335 female, mean age 67.1 ± 6.14 years (60 to 94). Measured from January 2019 to January 2020 in Tehran, Iran.
40: Mean -1.7 ± 1.6 D. 68 eyes of 36 subjects: 18/18 female/male, mean age 40.6 ± 10.3 years, 13/15/8 Asian/Caucasian/Hispanic. Measured in Pasadena, USA.
. Standard deviation from 1.31 to 2.57 D.

Women: mean -0.38 to -3.80 D ▾ 9: Mean -0.38 ± 2.49 D in right eyes and -0.37 ± 2.55 D in left eyes. Measured with Humphrey Automated Refractor/Keratometer [HARK] 599. 1460 subjects: mean age 58.1 ± 10.3. Measured in Germany.
25: Myopic study population. Mean -3.80 ± 2.31 D, range from -12.38 to +1.38 D. Measured with noncycloplegic refraction. 1132 subjects: mean age 18.98 ± 0.95 years (15.69 to 24.41). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 2.49 to 2.55 D.

Men: mean -0.45 to -3.46 D ▾ 9: Mean -0.45 ± 2.58 D in right eyes and -0.48 ± 2.60 D in left eyes. Measured with Humphrey Automated Refractor/Keratometer [HARK] 599. 1554 subjects: mean age 59.1 ± 10.5. Measured in Germany.
25: Myopic study population. Mean -3.46 ± 2.49 D, range from -11.00 to +1.00 D. Measured with noncycloplegic refraction. 513 subjects: mean age 19.06 ± 0.87 years (15.95 to 22.58). Students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China.
. Standard deviation from 2.58 to 2.60 D.

[28, 34, 35, 36, 37]

Break-up time (BUT)

Includes different ways to measure BUT.

Mean from 5.14 to 21.5 seconds ▾ 28: NIBUT mean 11.84 ± 4.4 seconds. Range from 2.3 to 24.3 seconds. Measured with DEA520 topography tester. One eye of 1,087 subjects: 682/405 female/male, mean age 54.7 ± 17.97 (18 to 90). Measured in Beijing, China.
36: Data from the control group of the study. Mean or median: First noninvasive break-up time 5.14 seconds and mean noninvasive break-up time 9.80 seconds measured with Integrated Clinical Platform Ocular Surface Analyzer from SBM System. Fluorescein break-up time 21.5 seconds. 44 subjects: 24/20 female/male, mean age 30.09 ± 10.48 years (18 to 49). Measured in 2022 in Spain.
35: Data from the control group of the study. Mean 9.9 ± 2.5 seconds. 31 eyes of 31 subjects: 16/15 female/male, mean age 56.6 ± 15.3 years.
37: Data from the adult control group of the study. NIBUT median 7.26 seconds, range from 2.87 to 24. Measured from a video recordin with Oculus Keratograph 5M. 27 subjects: 17/10 female/male, mean age 29.44 years (20 to 40). Measured in Madrid, Spain.
34: Data from the control group of the study. Tear thinning time mean 14.75 ± 3.43 blinks/minute. 16 subjects: 9/7 female/male, mean age 57.12 ± 12.22 years (30-77). Measured in Egypt.
. Standard deviation from 2.5 to 4.4 seconds.

Women: mean 11.25 seconds ▾ 28: NIBUT mean 11.25 ± 4.18 seconds. Measured with DEA520 topography tester. One eye of 682 subjects. Measured in Beijing, China.
. Standard deviation 4.18 seconds.

Men: mean 13.03 seconds ▾ 28: NIBUT mean 13.43 ± 4.23 seconds. Measured with DEA520 topography tester. One eye of 405 subjects. Measured in Beijing, China.
. Standard deviation 4.23 seconds.

The values in this section are based only on data from the sources listed under References, and are not a complete picture. The sources are chosen as an attempt to find normal values. The error/misalignment possibilities of this collection are many.

Click the measurements to see the sources, and click again to be linked to them.

Standard deviations, ranges, and subgroups like genders, are only based on some sources where this data is available.

The values are repeated from the sources, no new calculations or attempts to calculate new mean values have been made.

Some of the source studies show significantly differing values. The values vary depending on which instrument or method was used, and other factors. The studies have different inclusion and exclusion criteria, affecting the results.

Studies not included may have found other values. The values are based on adults, unless otherwise stated.

Visual acuity conversion

Snellen decimal

Snellen fraction m

Snellen fraction ft

LogMAR

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Conversion formulas

Convert between plus-cylinder and minus-cylinder

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Spherical equivalent

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Keratometry diopter to mm conversion

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Vertex distance calculator

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Vertex distance chart

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Minus

Plus

Estimate prisms from decentration

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Amount of mm movement for 0.5 prism diopters per eye

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Spectacle magnification (SM)

Power factor

Shape factor

Relative spectacle magnification (RSM)

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Sum all

Pupillary distance

Cover test

Near point of convergence

Motility

Hirschberg reflex

Retinoscopy

Pupillary distance

Cover test

Near point of convergence

Motility test

Hirschberg reflex

Retinoscopy simulator

Anatomic values from studies

Axial length

Anterior chamber depth

Lens thickness

Pupil diameter

Anterior chamber angle in degrees

Cornea

Epithelium

Tear film

Globe height

Choroid thickness

Retinal thickness not specified by grid

Average retinal thickness

Nerve fiber layer thickness

Ganglion cell layer thickness

Retinal thickness by the ETDRS macular grid

Center

Full thickness

Nerve fiber layer thickness

Ganglion cell layer thickness

Inner plexiform layer thickness

Inner nuclear layer thickness

Outer plexiform layer thickness

Outer nuclear layer thickness

Outer superior

Full thickness

Nerve fiber layer thickness

Ganglion cell layer thickness

Inner plexiform layer thickness

Inner nuclear layer thickness

Outer plexiform layer thickness

Outer nuclear layer thickness

Outer nasal

Full thickness

Nerve fiber layer thickness

Ganglion cell layer thickness

Inner plexiform layer thickness

Inner nuclear layer thickness

Outer plexiform layer thickness